Documentation

Fedora bootc on a Raspberry Pi 5: Build, Flash, and Boot (Partial Support)

Tue, 20 Oct 2026 09:35:49 +0530

Host: Fedora Linux 44 KDE (x86_65)
Target: Raspberry Pi 5 (ARM64)
Tools: Podman, dd
Container Image: quay.io/iamyaash/rpi5-bootc
Firmware: github.com/worproject/rpi5-uefi

0. Build the container image and push it to quay.io

Everything in this guide starts from a bootc container image, here quay.io/iamyaash/rpi5-bootc:latest.

Although you need qemu-user-static to be installed on your host PC but I ran Podman to build the container image on a Raspberry Pi 5, so it won’t be needed.

FROM --platform=linux/arm64 quay.io/fedora/fedora-bootc:42
# Install hardware utilities, firmware packages, and essentials
RUN dnf -y install \
NetworkManager \
NetworkManager-wifi \
wireless-regdb \
linux-firmware \
iproute \
openssh-server \
htop && \
dnf clean all
# Ensure critical services start on boot
RUN systemctl enable NetworkManager sshd

Build the image: Run this in the project folder.

Forgejo: Getting Started with Integration Tests & E2E Tests

Tue, 29 Sep 2026 11:50:50 +0530

A beginner-friendly guide to running integration tests in Forgejo. Learn how to execute individual tests, use tools like ‘make’ and ‘go’, and explore the essential basics to help you get started with integration testing.

Forgejo: Installing and Configuring the Forgejo Runner Binary

Tue, 04 Aug 2026 11:20:02 +0530

A step-by-step guide to installing the Forgejo runner as a standalone binary, configuring it as a systemd service, and connecting it to your Forgejo or Codeberg instance.

Kubectl: Show Details of Specific/Group Resources

Thu, 09 Jul 2026 12:47:35 +0530

This post explains how to get detailed description of the specific or group resources using describe command. This provides a human-readable overview of k8s resources on status, events, configs and relationships with other components.

Linux: Fundamentals of Swap Space

Wed, 08 Jul 2026 13:21:43 +0530

Linux swap memory is a portion of disk storage used as virtual memory to supplement RAM, allowing the system to continue running when physical memory is full.

Kubectl: Safely Drain A Node

Tue, 07 Jul 2026 13:47:33 +0530

This post explains how to safely evict pods using the drain command. It covers how the drain command works behind the scenes, includes the essential commands you need, and ends with a practical example to demonstrate its usage.

Kubectl: Renaming the Nodes

Thu, 02 Jul 2026 11:28:42 +0530

This post shows how to rename a k3s node using the standard drain, rejoin, and relabel procedure. It walks through changing the hostname, replacing the old node entry, and restoring workload scheduling on the new node.

Managing Keyboard Control and Macros with keyd

Mon, 29 Jun 2026 12:41:39 +0530

Use keyd to create macros with more control, so they run only when keys are pressed on a specific keyboard. I will also show the installation, setup, and configuration steps.

Kubectl: Running kubectl Without sudo (and Fixing Permission Warnings)

Sun, 28 Jun 2026 15:31:27 +0530

This guide outlines three proven methods to configure passwordless non-root kubectl access in a K3s cluster. It covers setting up your local user context, adjusting system file permissions, and permanently silencing annoying configuration permission warnings.

KDE: Limiting Battery Charging Level

Mon, 18 May 2026 12:24:56 +0530

Quick guide on how to limit battery charge level in KDE using systemd service.

Docker: Persistent Storage Using Volumes

Sat, 06 Sep 2025 18:55:00 +0530

What are Docker Volumes?

Docker volumes are a mechanism for persisting data independently of the container lifecycle. Since, the data in a container will be deleted once the container is stopped, using Docker volumes ensures the data is stored permenently.

Volumes are managed by Docker and stored on the host (mostly under /var/lib/docker/volumes).
Most importantly, it allows the data to be stored, retained and shared between container, suriving container restarts and removals.
It preferrable to use for stateful applications like databases or file servers where data persistence matters.

Creating and Using Volumes

Volumes can be created implicitly by Docker when referenced or explicitly using:
```
docker volume create <volume_name>
```

Start a container and mount a volume:

docker run -it -v <volume_name>:/path/in/container <image:tag>

Files written/modified inside the container at the mount point path persist on the volume.
When a new container mounts the same volume, it can process the previously stored data.
Volumes can be mounted read-write (default) or read-only with :ro option:

docker run -it -v <volume_name>:/container/path/:ro <image:tag>

Inspecting and Managing Volumes

List volumes:
```
docker volume ls
```
Inspect a volume for details like mount point:
```
docker volume inspect <volume_name>
```
Remove a Volume(only when inactive/not being by any containers)
```
docker volume rm <volume_name>
```

Thoughts

If you read this posts about Bind Mounts, using Volumes over Bind Mount is a benefit because:

KDE: Reset Audio Configurations

Sat, 06 Sep 2025 18:28:17 +0530

Quick guide on how to reset audio configurations in KDE.

Docker: Using Bind Mounts (Volume Mount)

Fri, 05 Sep 2025 14:50:04 +0530

A short guide on mounting a local directory inside a container.

SSH: Agent

Wed, 27 Aug 2025 15:48:48 +0530

SSH agent is a background program that manages and storess SSH private keys for secure authentication, letting users connect to remote servers via SSH without repeatedly entering passphrase or password.

GPG: Beginner's Guide

Wed, 20 Aug 2025 12:59:29 +0530

What is GPG / PGP?

GnuPG (aka GPG) is an implementation of standard known as PGP (Pretty Good Privacy). It uses a system of “Public” and “Private” keys for the encryption and signing of message or data.

Private Key

Private keys are the first half of a GPG key which is used to decrypt messages that are encrypted using public keys.
Also used for signing messages - a way to prove that you own the key.
Obviously, you must not share the private keys anywhere.

Public Key

Public keys are the second half of a GPG key which is used to encrypt messages for the owner of private key.
It is safe to share it anywhere publicly, as it can only be used to encrypt messages for the owner of the private key. In simple terms, owning just the public key is useless unless you own the private key.

Why Use GPG?

GPG (GNU Privacy Guard) provides encryption and digital signing to:

SSH: Beginner's Guide

Tue, 19 Aug 2025 14:28:17 +0530

What is SSH?

SSH (Secure Shell) is a protocol used to securely access and manage remote systems over insecure networks. It’s widely used to log into remote Linux/Unis servers, transfers files, and run common across multiple machines.

Basic SSH Concepts

SSH Client

Software on your computer that initiates the connection Example: terminal, Konsole, PuTTY, & more.

SSH Server

The remote computer you want to access; It listens for incoming SSH request and process them accordingly.

Docker: Build Multi-Architecture Container Images

Tue, 05 Aug 2025 22:56:12 +0530

A short guide to building and running container images for multiple architectures with instruction emulation.

Linux: Booting Process

Fri, 25 Jul 2025 19:33:51 +0530

High-level explanation of how the Linux is booted.

Package Management

Mon, 21 Jul 2025 19:48:46 +0530

Essential package management and real world examples that cover all fundamental operations for managing RPM/DEB packages.

What is LVM (Logical Volume Manager) and Why Use it?

Sun, 20 Jul 2025 19:35:31 +0530

What is LVM?

LVM is a special tool in Linux that let’s you manage disk storage in much more flexible way than traditional partitions.

Think of it as turning multiple hard drives into a big, flexible stroage pool that you can split, resize, or grow whenever you want, without worrying about the limits of classic disk partitions.

Why Use LVM?

Resize storage easily: You can expand or shrink volumes without reformatting or losing data.
Combine multiple disks: Make many drives look like one big storage area.
Add more space anytime: Plug in new hard drive and add its space instantly.
Move or migrate data: Shift storage between drives with little downtime.
Take snapshots: Save the exact state of you data at a moment in time, which helps with backups.

Practical Example

Classic Partitioning (without LVM)

You have 100GB disk with /home and /var partitions.
/home fills up, while /var has lots of free space.
Problem: You can’t take space from /var and give it to /home without migrating, deleting, repartitioning or copying data aroud. Which is possible but risky and time-consuming.

With LVM

Let’s say you have two physical disks:

Linux Environment Variables

Fri, 18 Jul 2025 23:36:37 +0530

Environment Variables

In Linux, Environment variables are named key-value pairs that store information about your operating environment and configuration. They are crucial because they let the operating system, applications, and scripts know about elements such as :

Where programs are location; _via _PATH.
Your user/currently logged-in directory; HOME.
Language or locale settings.
System-wide or app-specific configurations.

In simple terms, environment variables are a foundational way that Linux customizes, configues, and manages the actions of programs and users through simple “key=value” pairs.

Linux Messaging Basics: mail, wall & write

Fri, 18 Jul 2025 00:00:52 +0530

Use mail to send or receive stored messages & system notificaitons, wall to broadcast announcements to all users and use write for quick direct messages to another user.

Fundamentals of Regular Expressions

Sun, 13 Jul 2025 19:51:31 +0530

Regular Expression

Regular expression is a method of pattern matching. It allows you to define patterns of texts and search for it in other texts, no matter the complexity or the amount of text there is to process.

Using regular expression is considered a more efficient solution, when there’s complexity in searching for a text that you want to find. It is also called as regex.

Keep in mind that regular expression is supported in almost every programming language. If you were to face a situation when there’s complexity in searching a text, take a look at how the systax looks like other programming languages and utilize them.

Packaging: Debian File Deep Dive

Sat, 05 Jul 2025 22:29:13 +0530

Detailed explanation of Debian packaging file structure.

Packaging: RPM Spec File Deep Dive

Sat, 05 Jul 2025 12:39:02 +0530

Detailed explanation of RPM package file structure.

Linux Tools: Getting Started with the tar Command

Sat, 05 Jul 2025 10:13:55 +0530

The tar command (short for tape archive) is a foundational tool in Linux for archiving and compressing files and directories

Linux Tools: Basic File Viewing & Handling

Fri, 04 Jul 2025 21:40:45 +0530

Read and preview file contents using commands like cat, head, tail, less.

Linux Tools: Data Extraction & Manipulation

Fri, 04 Jul 2025 20:42:38 +0530

Focuses on shaping, refining, or deduplicating data using cut, sort, uniq commands.

Packaging: Build Your First Debian Package!

Fri, 04 Jul 2025 00:10:18 +0530

Create a simple “Hello World” C program, prepare necessary Debian packaging files (debian/) build the .deb pacakge, install it to test and remvoe it.

Packaging: Build Your First RPM Package!

Thu, 03 Jul 2025 14:13:41 +0530

Create a simple “Hello World” C program, write a .spec file, build an RPM package with rpmbuild, install it to test, and then remove it.

Packaging: Conceptual Differences Between RPM and DEB

Wed, 02 Jul 2025 20:25:25 +0530

Philosophies, design goals, and build process of “Red Hat Package Manager” and “Debian Package”.

Packaging: Introduction to Packaging in Linux

Wed, 02 Jul 2025 11:16:35 +0530

Provides an overview of what is a package and what is inside a package in Linux? Covers the essential and introduction part of packaging only.

Linux Tools: Transform & Edit

Mon, 30 Jun 2025 16:00:03 +0530

Modify or reformat text streams or files; Command: awk & sed

Linux Tools: Search & Filter

Mon, 30 Jun 2025 15:20:08 +0530

Searches for patterns in text (files or streams) using regular expressions and Searches for files and directories based on name, size, date, permissions, etc.

Linux: Advanced Filtering and Analyzing System Logs with journalctl

Mon, 30 Jun 2025 10:38:19 +0530

What is `journalctl` Filters?

You can use filters with journalctl to narrow down and control which log entries are displayed. journalctl supports a wide range of filtering options, both by structured fields and by command-line flags.

Structured Fields: SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER, _SYSTEMD_UNIT, _UID, etc
Command-Line Fields: --since, --until, -u, -p, --grep, etc

Common `journalctl` Filters

Filter Type	Example Command	Description
By Time	`journalctl --since "8 hours ago"`	Shows logs since a specific time
By Service/Unit	`journalctl -u nginx.server`	Show logs for a specific server/unit
By Priority	`journalctl -p warning`	Show logs at/above a certain severity
By Field	`journalctl SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER=sudo`	Show logs where a field matches a value
By Boot	`journalctl -b -1`	Shows logs from the previous boot
By Keyword	`journalctl --grep "error"`	Shows logs containing a keyword

Advanced `journalctl` Filters

Filter Type	Example Command	Description
By User ID	`journalctl _UID=user_id`	Filter logs by the user ID of the process that generated them
By Group ID	`journalctl _GID=group_id`	Filter logs by the group ID of the process that generated them
By Process ID	`journalctl _PID=process_id`	Filter logs by process ID
By Process name	`journalctl _COMM=nginx`	Filter by process name (eg. `_COMM=nginx`)
By Hostname	`journalctl _HOSTNAME=hostname`	Filter logs by hostname
By Executable Path	`journalctl _EXE=exe_path`	Filter logs by executable path (eg: `/usr/local/bin/hugo`)
By Boot Session	`journalctl _BOOT_ID=boot_id`	Filter logs by a specific boot session
By Audit Session	`journalctl _AUDIT_SESSION=session_id`	Filter logs by audit session ID
By Syslog Facility Code	`journalctl _SYSLOG_FACILITY=facility_number`	Filter by syslog facility code

Alternatively, you can find the available filters in journalctl by using:

Linux: Service Management with systemd

Sun, 29 Jun 2025 20:02:46 +0530

Checking Service Status In Detail

The systemctl status command provides detailed information about a service, including it’s current state (active, inactive, failed), recent log entries, and reasons for failure if the service is not running.

Example Command:

sudo systemctl status apache2
#or httpd service
sudo systemctl status httpd

Output:

iamyaash@pi5:~ $ sudo systemctl status firewalld.service
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
 Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; preset: enabled)
 Active: active (running) since Sun 2025-06-29 20:30:48 IST; 1s ago
 Docs: man:firewalld(1)
 Main PID: 7956 (firewalld)
 Tasks: 2 (limit: 9585)
 CPU: 279ms
 CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service
 └─7956 /usr/bin/python3 /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid

Jun 29 20:30:48 pi5 systemd[1]: Starting firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon...
Jun 29 20:30:48 pi5 systemd[1]: Started firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.

The output includes:

Linux: Task Scheduling with systemd Timers

Sun, 29 Jun 2025 16:17:54 +0530

Practical guide to systemd timers, covering the differences from cron, the structure of timer files, key directives, and hands-on exercises.

Linux: Creating and Customizing systemd Units

Sun, 29 Jun 2025 12:15:36 +0530

Important directives: ExecStart, ExecStop, Restart policies; Dependencies and ordering: Requires, Wants, Before, After; Writing your own service units with examples; Overriding units using drop-in configurations (systemctl edit)

Linux: Manage File Permissions

Fri, 27 Jun 2025 20:16:49 +0530

This guide explains how to use Linux commands to manage file permissions, ownership and special permissions. Commands: chmod, chown, and chgrp.

Linux: How To Mount And Un-Mount Permanently/Temporarily

Thu, 26 Jun 2025 20:37:51 +0530

Know how to mount and unmount storage effectively for temporary and permanent storage.

Linux: Assigning Permissions and Group Ownership Automatically For Newly Created Files & Directories (umask & chgrp)

Wed, 25 Jun 2025 11:27:37 +0530

To ensure that new files created in a shared directory are automatically assigned to the directory’s group rather than the group of the user who created them.

Linux: firewalld & iptables

Tue, 24 Jun 2025 22:07:49 +0530

Firewalls in Linux system administration, focussing on both firewalld and iptables.

Linux Tools: dd Utility Tool

Sun, 22 Jun 2025 22:09:10 +0530

dd is a Linux tool, and it widely used for Linux system administration and is essential for many low-level tasks involving disks, partitions, and files at the block level.

Linux: Log Analysis and Journals

Sun, 22 Jun 2025 14:15:38 +0530

Understanding Linux log locations, using journalctl, analyzing traditional logs, filtering and searching logs with grep, less and time filters.

Linux: Networking Tools

Sun, 22 Jun 2025 11:22:47 +0530

Linux networking tools for system administration: ip, ss, netstat, ping, and more.

Linux: Systemd And Service Management

Sat, 21 Jun 2025 14:50:43 +0530

What is systemd and how it works? What are units, services, targets in systemd? Essential commands like systemctl & journalctl, and creating & managing custom services.

Emacs: Daemon & Client Automation

Fri, 20 Jun 2025 22:35:06 +0530

Running an Emacs daemon server in the background and using emacsclient instead of a standalone application helps make opening, closing, and other operations faster.

Linux: File Systems And Storage

Wed, 18 Jun 2025 16:12:05 +0530

How to manage file systems and storage in Linux operating systems.

Linux: Fundamentals Of File Permissions And Ownership

Tue, 17 Jun 2025 22:07:53 +0530

How to manage file permissions and ownership in Linux based operating systems.

Linux: User & Group Management

Sun, 15 Jun 2025 14:51:16 +0530

How to manage users & groups on Linux based operating systems, with exercise based explanations!

Instant Page Deploy Hugo: papermod

Sun, 11 May 2025 12:45:30 +0530

Download the Latest Version of Hugo

Visit https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/releases/latest.
Download the compatible version of Hugo for your operating system.
Extract the downloaded archive and move the binary file into /usr/local/bin.

1. Create a Site

hugo new site sitename --format yaml
# replace sitename with name of your website

cd sitename

2. Installing PaperMod

INSTALL : Inside the folder of your Hugo site MyFreshWebsite, run:

git init #initialize git as well
git submodule add --depth=1 https://github.com/adityatelange/hugo-PaperMod.git themes/PaperMod
git submodule update --init --recursive # needed when you reclone your repo (submodules may not get cloned automatically)

3 Configuration

3.1 Let’s Configure `hugo` to use `PaperMod`

The filename hugo.yaml may vary based on the version, so make sure to rename it to hugo.yaml if you find any other names. While this might not cause any errors, it will help avoid confusion."

Git Basics: Rebase

Tue, 29 Apr 2025 17:27:49 +0530

Introduction into the git rebase feature, explains how to make changes to branches and commits

Linux: Directories

Sun, 30 Mar 2025 19:41:36 +0530

A table summarizing Linux directories for a quick reference.

Generate SSH Keys

Sat, 29 Mar 2025 20:07:55 +0530

Adding New `ssh` Key

Create .ssh key:

ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "email"

Save it the keys in a specific directory location

Add the key to ssh agent

ssh-add /home/user/.ssh/ssh-filename

Verify the key has been added

ssh-add -l

Output:

Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/username/.ssh/id_rsa): /home/username/.ssh/temp
Enter passphrase for "/home/username/.ssh/temp" (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /home/username/.ssh/temp
Your public key has been saved in /home/username/.ssh/temp.pub
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:zUJ0dU9gncA7rVf6+C5BsMmBVdHmCMUqzkEGWpu6QWM temp@gmail.com
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 4096]----+
| +..++=O=o|
| + ++ ++.++|
| E +o . Bo+.|
| o + oo =oo.o|
| o Sooo .o..|
| o .o .o. |
| . .+ |
| o .|
| +o|
+----[SHA256]-----+'
username@fedora:~$ ssh-add /home/username/.ssh/temp
Identity added: /home/username/.ssh/temp (temp@gmail.com)
username@fedora:~$ ssh-add -l
4096 SHA256:<keys> <email> (RSA)
4096 SHA256:<keys> <email> (RSA)
3072 SHA256:<keys> <email> (RSA)
4096 SHA256:<keys> <email> (RSA)

Git Basics: Essential Commands

Sat, 29 Mar 2025 19:37:21 +0530

A quick reference guide to the most essential Git commands for everyday use, including initializing repositories, making commits, branching, and working with remotes.

Instant Page Deploy Hugo: holy

Fri, 07 Mar 2025 21:45:47 +0530

I noticed that I’m keep deploying many pages on Github and still looking at the documentation. So I decided to make a short documentation how to do it fast (keeping me from looking at the documentation)

Create a hugo site in a specific directory you want:

hugo new site sitename

Replace the sitename with the actual sitename you want to create.

Head inside the directory(hugo site)

cd sitename
git init

Download a theme (we’re using holy theme here)

git submodule add https://github.com/serkodev/holy.git themes/holy
echo "theme = 'holy'" >> hugo.toml

Let’s test it locally!

hugo server

Create a GitHub Repository
Head inside the Repository on GitHub
- Goto Settings > Pages
- Change the Source settings to “GitHub Actions”
Create a file named hugo.yaml inside .github/workflows

mkdir -p .github/workflows
touch .github/workflows/hugo.yaml

Copy and paste the text into YAML file

# Sample workflow for building and deploying a Hugo site to GitHub Pages
name: Deploy Hugo site to Pages

on:
 # Runs on pushes targeting the default branch
 push:
 branches:
 - main

 # Allows you to run this workflow manually from the Actions tab
 workflow_dispatch:

# Sets permissions of the GITHUB_TOKEN to allow deployment to GitHub Pages
permissions:
 contents: read
 pages: write
 id-token: write

# Allow only one concurrent deployment, skipping runs queued between the run in-progress and latest queued.
# However, do NOT cancel in-progress runs as we want to allow these production deployments to complete.
concurrency:
 group: "pages"
 cancel-in-progress: false

# Default to bash
defaults:
 run:
 shell: bash

jobs:
 # Build job
 build:
 runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 env:
 HUGO_VERSION: 0.144.2
 steps:
 - name: Install Hugo CLI
 run: |
 wget -O ${{ runner.temp }}/hugo.deb https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/releases/download/v${HUGO_VERSION}/hugo_extended_${HUGO_VERSION}_linux-amd64.deb \
 && sudo dpkg -i ${{ runner.temp }}/hugo.deb
 - name: Install Dart Sass
 run: sudo snap install dart-sass
 - name: Checkout
 uses: actions/checkout@v4
 with:
 submodules: recursive
 fetch-depth: 0
 - name: Setup Pages
 id: pages
 uses: actions/configure-pages@v5
 - name: Install Node.js dependencies
 run: "[[ -f package-lock.json || -f npm-shrinkwrap.json ]] && npm ci || true"
 - name: Build with Hugo
 env:
 HUGO_CACHEDIR: ${{ runner.temp }}/hugo_cache
 HUGO_ENVIRONMENT: production
 TZ: America/Los_Angeles
 run: |
 hugo \
 --gc \
 --minify \
 --baseURL "${{ steps.pages.outputs.base_url }}/"
 - name: Upload artifact
 uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@v3
 with:
 path: ./public

 # Deployment job
 deploy:
 environment:
 name: github-pages
 url: ${{ steps.deployment.outputs.page_url }}
 runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 needs: build
 steps:
 - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
 id: deployment
 uses: actions/deploy-pages@v4

Head inside the root directory of your sitename

hugo
git add -A
git commit -m "deploying the sitename"
git push origin main

Getting Started with nmcli (NetworkManager CLI)

Sun, 23 Feb 2025 18:16:08 +0530

What is `nmcli`?

The nmcli means NetworkManager Command Line Interface. It’s command-line utility tool used for controlling NetworkManager and reporting network status.

In simple terms, we use that to interact with network related devices.

How to use it?

I don’t have proper way to explain, but let’s learn it with a case-scenario:

Connect to a wifi network:

Turn on the wifi module:

sudo nmcli radio wifi on

List the available networks:

sudo nmcli device wifi list

In case, it didn’t display any network, please rescan the available network and list it:

Switch to NVIDIA GPU on Fedora Linux

Mon, 27 Jan 2025 20:32:26 +0530

Note: Make sure to Disable Secure Boot, else whatever you do it won’t work :)

Install & Switch

1. Install the required dependencies

sudo dnf install akmod-nvidia xorg-x11-drv-nvidia xorg-x11-drv-nvidia-cuda

2. Edit the environment configuration file for your shell

sudo nano /etc/environment

3. Add the following lines to enable the GPU

__GLX_VENDOR_LIBRARY_NAME=nvidia
__NV_PRIME_RENDER_OFFLOAD=1
__VK_LAYER_NV_optimus=NVIDIA_only

4. Restart the system

sudo reboot

Download and execute this script to automate the above process!